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4. How Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower

How Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower​

A largely tolerant and merciful ruler, Persian king Cyrus the Great established one of the largest empires in world history.
By: Christopher Klein
Published: July 14, 2022
copy page link

Cyrus the Great, circa 548 B.C. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Through far-reaching military conquests and benevolent rule, Cyrus the Great transformed a small group of semi-nomadic tribes into the mighty Persian Empire, the ancient world's first superpower, in less than 15 years.

The Rise of Cyrus the Great​

Photo by Science Source/Photo Researchers History/Getty Images
Cyrus the Great (second from left), on a horse-drawn chariot, as he is driven into the city of Ecbatana
Born around 600 B.C., the founder of the First Persian Empire (also known as the Achaemenid Empire) belonged to the semi-nomadic Pasargadae tribe, which raised sheep, goats and cattle in the southwest of present-day Iran. Little is definitively known about the youth or lineage of Cyrus the Great (also known as Cyrus II) except that he was part of the Achaemenid royal family through either birth or marriage.
Five years after ascending to the throne in 558 B.C. as a vassal king of the Median Empire (which controlled most of present-day Iran), Cyrus united the chiefs of other Persian tribes and led a rebellion against the Median king Astyages. With the aid of the a defecting Median general, Cyrus defeated Astyages' forces at the Battle of Pasargadae and seized the capital of Ecbatana in 550 B.C.
The once-subjugated Persians had become the conquerors. Rather than seeking vengeance, however, as ruler Cyrus demonstrated clemency and restraint. He bestowed a princely retirement upon Astyages, kept Ecbatana intact as his summer capital and gave Median nobles high positions in his court and army. But his mercy had its limits: He had Astyages' son-in-law and grandchildren killed because he saw them as threats to his power.

Cyrus Conquers Lydia, Expanding His Empire​

8 Ancient Empires You’ve Never Heard Of














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The ascendancy of Cyrus troubled Croesus, the king of Lydia, which occupied the western half of present-day Turkey. As he contemplated an attack on the rising power of now-neighboring Persia, Croesus dispatched a messenger to consult the Greek Oracle at Delphi. “If Croesus goes to war, he will destroy a great empire,” the medium to the gods was said to have reported.
Buoyed by the divine message, Croesus led a huge army across the Halys River and attacked the Persians in 547 B.C. After an indecisive battle, Cyrus surprised the retreating Lydian forces by following them through the wintertime cold toward the capital of Sardis.
With his Persian forces outnumbered in the decisive Battle of Thymbra, Harpagus, the defecting Median general, mounted cavalrymen on the army’s baggage camels and placed them at the front of the battle line. The stench of the camels so repelled the charging Lydian horses that they bolted from the battlefield. Retreating inside the walls of Sardis, the Lydians eventually surrendered after a Persian siege.
The oracle’s words to Croesus had proven true. An empire had been destroyed—but it was his.
As with the Medes, Cyrus adopted a conciliatory approach to the Lydians. He kept the treasury at Sardis and brought Croesus into his court. He permitted local cultures, religions and laws to be maintained, which helped him gain the loyalty of his new subjects. “Cyrus was able to quickly assimilate or take over the existing administrative structures of the places he conquered, often leaving local elites in place,” says John W. I. Lee, a professor of history at University of California, Santa Barbara.
The Persian king’s leniency was hardly absolute, however. When the aristocrats in charge of the Lydian treasury revolted, Cyrus had the rebels executed and their followers enslaved. The general Harpagus followed the conquest of Lydia by brutally laying siege to Greek settlements in Ionia, forcing many to migrate to Italy and abandon entire cities.
“There is a lot of myth-making, both ancient and modern, about Cyrus as a benevolent ruler,” Lee says. “While Cyrus was certainly tolerant of local customs and religions and although he worked with local elites, contemporary documents such as cuneiform tablets show that the Persian Empire, like all empires, was focused on extracting wealth and labor power—including through slavery—from the people it conquered.”

Persian Forces Cause the Fall of Babylon​

Print by Gilbert. Photo by Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis via Getty Images
The siege of Babylon by Cyrus the Great
As the Persian Empire grew, its military strengthened. Cyrus developed an elite corps of mounted warriors who were skilled at shooting arrows on horseback and deployed war chariots with blades attached to the wheels. “His troops seem to have been highly motivated and well trained, and Cyrus himself appears to have been an inspirational leader,” Lee says. “He seems to have been able to move his armies more rapidly than enemies anticipated, even during winter.”
After his army vanquished territories east of Persia, Cyrus set his sights on conquering the last remaining major power in the west of Asia—the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
In 539 B.C., Persian forces invaded the wealthy, fertile empire and routed the Babylonian army to seize the strategic city of Opis on the Tigris River. A week later, the Persian army reached the walls of Babylon, the ancient world’s largest city, and seized it without a fight.
According to the Cyrus Cylinder, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Babylonian cuneiform inscriptions that was unearthed in 1879, the Persian king triumphantly entered Babylon “in peace, amidst joy and jubilation.”
Shortly after Babylon’s fall, Cyrus liberated the Babylonian Jews who had been forced into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar II after the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem 50 years earlier. Released from their Babylonian exile, many returned to their spiritual home in Jerusalem. The Book of Isaiah in the Old Testament extols Cyrus as being “anointed” by God to “subdue nations before him and to strip kings of their armor.”
With the conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Persian Empire sprawled from the Aegean Sea in the west to the Indus River in the east. Cyrus had created one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever seen and was able to boast (per the Cyrus Cylinder): “I am Cyrus, king of the universe.”

Cyrus Dies, But the Persian Empire Lives On​

Little is known about the death of Cyrus, which occurred around 529 B.C. By some accounts, he died of a battlefield wound during a military campaign on the empire’s eastern frontier. His body was returned to Pasargadae, placed in a gold sarcophagus and laid to rest in an immense stone tomb oriented toward the rising sun.
Cyrus was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who continued to spread the boundaries of the empire by conquering another ancient civilization in Egypt. The Persian Empire remained prosperous and stable for two centuries until it fell in 330 B.C. to the armies of Alexander the Great.
WATCH: Engineering an Empire on HISTORY Vault
By: Christopher Klein
Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom and Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and National Geographic Traveler. Follow Chris at @historyauthor.

---

Citation Information​

Article TitleHow Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower
AuthorChristopher Klein
Website NameHISTORY
URLHow Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower | HISTORY
Date AccessedDecember 9, 2024
PublisherA&E Television Networks
Last UpdatedJuly 14, 2022
Original Published DateJuly 14, 2022

Fact Check​

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More on this Topic | Ancient Middle East​

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How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire​

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Skip to content

1. Home
2. Topics
3. Ancient Middle East
4. How Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower

How Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower​

A largely tolerant and merciful ruler, Persian king Cyrus the Great established one of the largest empires in world history.
By: Christopher Klein
Published: July 14, 2022
copy page link

Cyrus the Great, circa 548 B.C. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Through far-reaching military conquests and benevolent rule, Cyrus the Great transformed a small group of semi-nomadic tribes into the mighty Persian Empire, the ancient world's first superpower, in less than 15 years.

The Rise of Cyrus the Great​

Photo by Science Source/Photo Researchers History/Getty Images
Cyrus the Great (second from left), on a horse-drawn chariot, as he is driven into the city of Ecbatana
Born around 600 B.C., the founder of the First Persian Empire (also known as the Achaemenid Empire) belonged to the semi-nomadic Pasargadae tribe, which raised sheep, goats and cattle in the southwest of present-day Iran. Little is definitively known about the youth or lineage of Cyrus the Great (also known as Cyrus II) except that he was part of the Achaemenid royal family through either birth or marriage.
Five years after ascending to the throne in 558 B.C. as a vassal king of the Median Empire (which controlled most of present-day Iran), Cyrus united the chiefs of other Persian tribes and led a rebellion against the Median king Astyages. With the aid of the a defecting Median general, Cyrus defeated Astyages' forces at the Battle of Pasargadae and seized the capital of Ecbatana in 550 B.C.
The once-subjugated Persians had become the conquerors. Rather than seeking vengeance, however, as ruler Cyrus demonstrated clemency and restraint. He bestowed a princely retirement upon Astyages, kept Ecbatana intact as his summer capital and gave Median nobles high positions in his court and army. But his mercy had its limits: He had Astyages' son-in-law and grandchildren killed because he saw them as threats to his power.

Cyrus Conquers Lydia, Expanding His Empire​

8 Ancient Empires You’ve Never Heard Of














Loaded: 0%
Progress: 0%


PauseUnmute
Duration Time9:41

SettingsFullscreen






The ascendancy of Cyrus troubled Croesus, the king of Lydia, which occupied the western half of present-day Turkey. As he contemplated an attack on the rising power of now-neighboring Persia, Croesus dispatched a messenger to consult the Greek Oracle at Delphi. “If Croesus goes to war, he will destroy a great empire,” the medium to the gods was said to have reported.
Buoyed by the divine message, Croesus led a huge army across the Halys River and attacked the Persians in 547 B.C. After an indecisive battle, Cyrus surprised the retreating Lydian forces by following them through the wintertime cold toward the capital of Sardis.
With his Persian forces outnumbered in the decisive Battle of Thymbra, Harpagus, the defecting Median general, mounted cavalrymen on the army’s baggage camels and placed them at the front of the battle line. The stench of the camels so repelled the charging Lydian horses that they bolted from the battlefield. Retreating inside the walls of Sardis, the Lydians eventually surrendered after a Persian siege.
The oracle’s words to Croesus had proven true. An empire had been destroyed—but it was his.
As with the Medes, Cyrus adopted a conciliatory approach to the Lydians. He kept the treasury at Sardis and brought Croesus into his court. He permitted local cultures, religions and laws to be maintained, which helped him gain the loyalty of his new subjects. “Cyrus was able to quickly assimilate or take over the existing administrative structures of the places he conquered, often leaving local elites in place,” says John W. I. Lee, a professor of history at University of California, Santa Barbara.
The Persian king’s leniency was hardly absolute, however. When the aristocrats in charge of the Lydian treasury revolted, Cyrus had the rebels executed and their followers enslaved. The general Harpagus followed the conquest of Lydia by brutally laying siege to Greek settlements in Ionia, forcing many to migrate to Italy and abandon entire cities.
“There is a lot of myth-making, both ancient and modern, about Cyrus as a benevolent ruler,” Lee says. “While Cyrus was certainly tolerant of local customs and religions and although he worked with local elites, contemporary documents such as cuneiform tablets show that the Persian Empire, like all empires, was focused on extracting wealth and labor power—including through slavery—from the people it conquered.”

Persian Forces Cause the Fall of Babylon​

Print by Gilbert. Photo by Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis via Getty Images
The siege of Babylon by Cyrus the Great
As the Persian Empire grew, its military strengthened. Cyrus developed an elite corps of mounted warriors who were skilled at shooting arrows on horseback and deployed war chariots with blades attached to the wheels. “His troops seem to have been highly motivated and well trained, and Cyrus himself appears to have been an inspirational leader,” Lee says. “He seems to have been able to move his armies more rapidly than enemies anticipated, even during winter.”
After his army vanquished territories east of Persia, Cyrus set his sights on conquering the last remaining major power in the west of Asia—the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
In 539 B.C., Persian forces invaded the wealthy, fertile empire and routed the Babylonian army to seize the strategic city of Opis on the Tigris River. A week later, the Persian army reached the walls of Babylon, the ancient world’s largest city, and seized it without a fight.
According to the Cyrus Cylinder, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Babylonian cuneiform inscriptions that was unearthed in 1879, the Persian king triumphantly entered Babylon “in peace, amidst joy and jubilation.”
Shortly after Babylon’s fall, Cyrus liberated the Babylonian Jews who had been forced into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar II after the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem 50 years earlier. Released from their Babylonian exile, many returned to their spiritual home in Jerusalem. The Book of Isaiah in the Old Testament extols Cyrus as being “anointed” by God to “subdue nations before him and to strip kings of their armor.”
With the conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Persian Empire sprawled from the Aegean Sea in the west to the Indus River in the east. Cyrus had created one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever seen and was able to boast (per the Cyrus Cylinder): “I am Cyrus, king of the universe.”

Cyrus Dies, But the Persian Empire Lives On​

Little is known about the death of Cyrus, which occurred around 529 B.C. By some accounts, he died of a battlefield wound during a military campaign on the empire’s eastern frontier. His body was returned to Pasargadae, placed in a gold sarcophagus and laid to rest in an immense stone tomb oriented toward the rising sun.
Cyrus was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who continued to spread the boundaries of the empire by conquering another ancient civilization in Egypt. The Persian Empire remained prosperous and stable for two centuries until it fell in 330 B.C. to the armies of Alexander the Great.
WATCH: Engineering an Empire on HISTORY Vault
By: Christopher Klein
Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom and Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and National Geographic Traveler. Follow Chris at @historyauthor.

---

Citation Information​

Article TitleHow Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower
AuthorChristopher Klein
Website NameHISTORY
URLHow Cyrus the Great Turned Ancient Persia Into a Superpower | HISTORY
Date AccessedDecember 9, 2024
PublisherA&E Television Networks
Last UpdatedJuly 14, 2022
Original Published DateJuly 14, 2022

Fact Check​

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
Print Page

Sign up for Inside History​

Get HISTORY’s most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week.

Sign Up

By submitting your information, you agree to receive emails from HISTORY and A+E Networks. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States.
More details: Privacy Notice | Terms of Use | Contact Us

More on this Topic | Ancient Middle East​

Did Alexander the Great Arrange His Father’s Murder?​

Philip II of Macedon’s bodyguard—and former lover—wielded the knife. But 21-year-old Alexander, heir to the powerful king, quickly fell under suspicion.
Read more

How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire​

Alexander used both military and political cunning to finally unseat the Persian superpower.
Read more

Alexander the Great Died Mysteriously at 32. Now We May Know Why​

“His death may be the most famous case of pseudothanatos, or false diagnosis of death, ever recorded.”
Read more

When Sexual Assaults Made History​

Incidents of sexual violence have long been a brutal part of the human story. Sometimes they’ve changed the course of history.
Read more

What Was the Gordian Knot?​

The term “Gordian knot,” commonly used to describe a complex or unsolvable problem, can be traced back to a legendary chapter in the life of Alexander the Great. As the story goes, in 333 B.C. the Macedonian conqueror marched his army into the Phrygian capital of Gordium in modern day Turkey. Upon arriving in the […]
Read more

7 Lost Burial Sites​

From Genghis Khan to Alexander the Great, get the facts on seven historical titans whose final resting places are unaccounted for.
Read more
See MoreRead more about Ancient Middle East

A+E Networks

• Contact Us
• Copyright Policy
• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Use
• Ad Choices
• Accessibility Support

© 2024, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

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